Ihame rya fermentation ifumbire mvaruganda

1. Incamake

Ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwujuje ubuziranenge bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru bugomba kunyura mu ifumbire mvaruganda.Ifumbire ni uburyo ibintu kama byangirika kandi bigahinduka mikorobe mu bihe bimwe na bimwe kugirango bitange umusaruro ukwiye gukoreshwa nubutaka.

Ifumbire mvaruganda, uburyo bwa kera kandi bworoshye bwo gutunganya imyanda kama no gukora ifumbire, bwashimishije cyane mubihugu byinshi kubera akamaro k’ibidukikije, bizana inyungu ku musaruro w’ubuhinzi.Byagaragaye ko indwara ziterwa n'ubutaka zishobora kugenzurwa hakoreshejwe ifumbire yangirika nk'imbuto.Nyuma yubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwifumbire mvaruganda, umubare wa bagiteri antagonistique urashobora kugera kurwego rwo hejuru cyane, ntabwo byoroshye kubora, bihamye, kandi byoroshye kwinjizwa nibihingwa.Hagati aho, ibikorwa bya mikorobe birashobora kugabanya uburozi bwibyuma biremereye murwego runaka.Birashobora kugaragara ko ifumbire nuburyo bworoshye kandi bunoze bwo gutanga ifumbire mvaruganda, ifasha iterambere ryubuhinzi bwibidukikije. 

Kuki ifumbire ikora nkiyi?Ibikurikira nubusobanuro burambuye bwamahame yo gufumbira:

 2. Ihame rya fermentation ifumbire mvaruganda

2.1 Guhindura ibintu kama mugihe cyo gufumbira

Guhindura ibinyabuzima mu ifumbire mvaruganda ikorwa na mikorobe irashobora gukusanyirizwa hamwe muburyo bubiri: kimwe ni uguhindura imyunyu ngugu, ni ukuvuga kubora ibintu kama kama kama mubintu byoroshye, ikindi nuburyo bwo guhumanya ibintu kama, ni ukuvuga, kubora no guhuza ibintu kama kugirango bibyare ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe kama-humus.Inzira zombi zikorwa icyarimwe ariko muburyo bunyuranye.Mubihe bitandukanye, ubukana bwa buri nzira buratandukanye.

2.1.1 Kugabanuka kw'ibinyabuzima

• Kwangirika kwa azote idafite ibinyabuzima

Ibikoresho bya polysaccharide (ibinyamisogwe, selile, hemicellulose) byabanje gushyirwamo hydrolyzike muri monosaccharide na enzymes hydrolytique isohorwa na mikorobe.Ibicuruzwa bigezweho nka alcool, acide acike, na aside ya oxyde ntibyari byoroshye kwegeranya, amaherezo bikora CO₂ na H₂O, kandi birekura ingufu nyinshi zubushyuhe.Niba guhumeka ari bibi, munsi ya mikorobe, monosaccharide izangirika buhoro, itange ubushyuhe buke, kandi ikusanyirize hamwe ibicuruzwa biva hagati-acide organic.Mugihe imiterere ya mikorobe irwanya gaze, kugabanya ibintu nka CH₄ na H₂ birashobora kubyara.

• Kubora biva muri azote irimo ibintu kama

Azote irimo ibinyabuzima birimo ifumbire mvaruganda irimo proteyine, aside amine, alkaloide, hummus, nibindi.Usibye humus, ibyinshi birangirika byoroshye.Kurugero, poroteyine, ikorwa na protease isohorwa na mikorobe, igabanya intambwe ku yindi, ikabyara aside amine itandukanye, hanyuma igakora umunyu wa amonium na nitrate ikoresheje amoni na nitrasi, ishobora kwinjizwa no gukoreshwa n’ibimera.

• Guhindura fosifore irimo ibinyabuzima kama ifumbire

Mubikorwa bya mikorobe itandukanye ya saprophytike, ikora aside fosifori, ihinduka intungamubiri ibimera bishobora kwinjiza no gukoresha.

• Guhindura ibintu birimo sulfure irimo ibintu kama

Ifumbire irimo ibinyabuzima birimo ifumbire mvaruganda, binyuze mu ruhare rwa mikorobe ikora hydrogène sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide iroroshye kwegeranya mubidukikije byo kwanga gaze, kandi irashobora kuba uburozi kubimera na mikorobe.Ariko mu bihe bihumeka neza, hydrogène sulfide ihindurwamo okiside ya sulfurike ikorwa na bagiteri ya sulferi kandi igakora hamwe n’ifumbire mvaruganda ikora sulfate, idakuraho gusa uburozi bwa hydrogène sulfide, kandi ihinduka intungamubiri za sulferi ibimera bishobora gukuramo.Mugihe cyo guhumeka nabi, sulfation yabaye, bituma H₂S ibura kandi yangiza igihingwa.Mugihe cyo gusembura ifumbire mvaruganda, guhinduranya ifumbire irashobora kunozwa muguhindura ifumbire buri gihe, bityo anti-sulfure irashobora kuvaho.

• Guhindura lipide hamwe nibintu bya aromatic organic

Nka tannin na resin, biragoye kandi bitinda kubora, kandi ibicuruzwa byanyuma nabyo ni CO₂ namazi Lignin nikintu kama kama kama kirimo ibikoresho byibimera (nkibishishwa, ibiti, nibindi) mugufumbira.Biragoye cyane kubora kubera imiterere igoye hamwe na nucleus ya aromatic.Mugihe cyo guhumeka neza, nucleus ya aromatic irashobora guhindurwamo ibice bya quinoid binyuze mumikorere ya fungi na Actinomycetes, kikaba ari kimwe mubikoresho fatizo bya resynthesis ya humus.Birumvikana ko ibyo bintu bizakomeza kumeneka mubihe bimwe.

Muri make, imyunyu ngugu y’ifumbire mvaruganda irashobora gutanga intungamubiri zikora vuba vuba ku bihingwa na mikorobe, bigatanga ingufu mu bikorwa bya mikorobe, kandi bigategura ibikoresho by’ibanze byo guhumanya ibinyabuzima by’ifumbire mvaruganda.Iyo ifumbire mvaruganda yiganjemo mikorobe yo mu kirere, ibintu kama bigabanuka vuba kugirango bibyare umusaruro mwinshi wa dioxyde de carbone, amazi, nintungamubiri nyinshi, ibora vuba kandi neza, kandi irekura ingufu nyinshi zubushyuhe Kubora ibintu kama biratinda kandi akenshi bituzuye, birekura bike ingufu zubushyuhe, nibicuruzwa byangirika byiyongera ku ntungamubiri z’ibimera, biroroshye kwegeranya acide organic nibintu byongera imbaraga nka CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, nibindi.Kunyunyuza ifumbire mugihe cya fermentation rero bigamije kandi guhindura ubwoko bwibikorwa bya mikorobe kugirango bikureho ibintu byangiza.

2.1.2 Guhindura ibintu kama

Hariho inyigisho nyinshi zijyanye no gushinga humus, zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: icyiciro cya mbere, iyo ibisigazwa kama kavunitse bigakora ibikoresho fatizo bigize molekile ya humus, mugice cya kabiri, polifenol iba oxyde kuri quinone na okiside ya polifenol isohorwa na mikorobe, hanyuma quinone igahuzwa na aside amine cyangwa peptide kugirango ikore humus monomer.Kuberako fenol, quinine, aside amine itandukanye, guhuza hamwe ntabwo arimwe, bityo rero kwibumbira muri humus monomer nabyo biratandukanye.Mubihe bitandukanye, aba monomers barushijeho kwiyegereza gukora molekile zingana.

2.2 Guhindura ibyuma biremereye mugihe cyo gufumbira

Amazi ya komine ni kimwe mu bikoresho byiza byo gufumbira no gusembura kuko birimo intungamubiri zikungahaye hamwe n’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo ibihingwa bikure.Ariko imyanda ya komine ikunze kuba irimo ibyuma biremereye, ibyo byuma biremereye muri rusange byerekana mercure, chromium, kadmium, gurş, arsenic, nibindi.Microorganismes, cyane cyane bagiteri na fungi, bigira uruhare runini muguhindura ibinyabuzima byamabuye aremereye.Nubwo ibinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe bishobora guhindura ibyuma biremereye mu bidukikije, bigatuma imiti irushaho kuba uburozi kandi bigatera ibibazo bikomeye by’ibidukikije, cyangwa kwibanda ku byuma biremereye, kandi bikarundanya binyuze mu ruhererekane rw’ibiribwa.Ariko mikorobe zimwe zirashobora gufasha kuzamura ibidukikije mukuraho ibyuma biremereye mubidukikije binyuze mubikorwa bitaziguye kandi bitaziguye.Guhindura mikorobe ya HG ikubiyemo ibintu bitatu, ni ukuvuga methylation ya mercure ya organique (Hg₂ +), kugabanya mercure idasanzwe (Hg₂ +) ikagera kuri HG0, kubora, no kugabanya methylmercury hamwe n’ibindi bivangwa na mercure kuri HG0.Izi mikorobe zishobora guhindura mercure organique na organic muri mercure yibanze byitwa mikorobe irwanya mercure.Nubwo ibinyabuzima bidashobora gutesha agaciro ibyuma biremereye, birashobora kugabanya uburozi bwibyuma biremereye mugucunga inzira zabo zo guhinduka.

2.3 Ifumbire mvaruganda na fermentation

Ifumbire ni uburyo bwo guhagarika imyanda, ariko bisaba ubushuhe budasanzwe, imiterere yimiterere, hamwe na mikorobe kugirango bitange ubushyuhe bukwiye.Ubushuhe butekereza ko buri hejuru ya 45 ° C (hafi dogere 113 Fahrenheit), bikagumya kuba hejuru bihagije kugirango idatera virusi kandi yice imbuto z'ibyatsi.Igipimo cyo kubora cyibintu bisigaye nyuma yifumbire mvaruganda biri hasi, birasa neza, kandi byoroshye kwinjizwa nibimera.Impumuro irashobora kugabanuka cyane nyuma yo gufumbira.

Ifumbire mvaruganda ikubiyemo ubwoko bwinshi bwa mikorobe.Bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ibikoresho n’ibihe, ubwinshi bwa mikorobe itandukanye nabwo burahinduka buri gihe, bityo rero nta mikorobe ihora yiganje mu ifumbire mvaruganda.Buri bidukikije bifite mikorobe yihariye, kandi mikorobe itandukanye ifasha ifumbire mvaruganda kugirango yirinde gusenyuka nubwo ibintu byo hanze bihinduka.

Ifumbire mvaruganda ikorwa ahanini na mikorobe, ikaba ari umubiri nyamukuru wa fermentation.Mikorobe zigira uruhare mu ifumbire mvaruganda ziva mu masoko abiri: umubare munini wa mikorobe zimaze kugaragara mu myanda kama, hamwe na inoculum ya mikorobe.Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, iyo miterere ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kubora imyanda kama kandi ikagira ibiranga ibikorwa bikomeye, gukwirakwira vuba, no kubora vuba kw’ibinyabuzima, bishobora kwihutisha ifumbire mvaruganda, bigabanya igihe cyo gufumbira ifumbire.

Ifumbire mvaruganda igabanijwemo ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe nifumbire ya anaerobic ubwoko bubiri.Ifumbire mvaruganda ni inzira yo kubora ibikoresho kama mubihe byindege, kandi ibicuruzwa byayo biva mubintu ni dioxyde de carbone, amazi, nubushyuhe;ifumbire mvaruganda ni uburyo bwo kubora ibikoresho kama mubihe bya anaerobic, metabolite yanyuma yo kubora kwa anaerobic ni metani, dioxyde de carbone hamwe nabahuza buke buke ba molekile, nka acide organic.

Ubwoko nyamukuru bwa mikorobe igira uruhare mu ifumbire mvaruganda ni bagiteri, ibihumyo, na actinomycetes.Ubu bwoko butatu bwa mikorobe zose zifite bacteri za mesophilique na bacteri hyperthermophilic.

Mugihe cyo gufumbira ifumbire, abaturage ba mikorobe bahindutse muburyo bukurikira: abaturage ba mikorobe ntoya nubushyuhe bwo hagati bahinduye mikorobe yo hagati nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, naho mikorobe yo hagati nubushyuhe bwo hejuru irahinduka ihinduka mikorobe yo hagati nubushyuhe buke.Hamwe no kwagura igihe cyo gufumbira, bagiteri yagabanutse buhoro buhoro, actinomycetes yiyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi ifumbire numusemburo urangije ifumbire bigabanuka cyane.

Uburyo bwo gusembura ifumbire mvaruganda irashobora kugabanywamo ibice bine:

2.3.1 Mugihe cyo gushyushya

Mugihe cyambere cyo gufumbira ifumbire mvaruganda, ifumbire mvaruganda iba ifumbire mvaruganda ahanini yubushyuhe buringaniye nikirere cyiza, ikunze kugaragara muri zo ni bagiteri zitari spore, bagiteri za spore, hamwe nifumbire.Batangira uburyo bwo gusembura ifumbire mvaruganda, bakabora ibintu kama (nkisukari yoroshye, ibinyamisogwe, proteyine, nibindi) cyane muburyo bwikirere cyiza, bitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bikomeza kuzamura ubushyuhe bwifumbire, kuzamuka kuva hafi 20 ° C (hafi dogere 68 Fahrenheit) kugeza kuri 40 ° C (hafi dogere 104 Fahrenheit) byitwa icyiciro cya febrile, cyangwa icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe hagati.

2.3.2 Mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi

Ibinyabuzima bishyushye bigenda bifata buhoro buhoro biva mu bwoko bushyushye kandi ubushyuhe bukomeza kwiyongera, ubusanzwe hejuru ya 50 ° C (hafi dogere 122 Fahrenheit) mu minsi mike, mu cyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Mu cyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubushyuhe bwiza actinomycetes hamwe nubushuhe bwiza bwibihingwa bihinduka ubwoko nyamukuru.Zimena ibintu kama kama kama ifumbire mvaruganda, nka selile, hemicellulose, pectine, nibindi.Ubushyuhe buriyongera kandi ubushyuhe bwifumbire burazamuka bugera kuri 60 ° C (hafi dogere 140 Fahrenheit), ibi nibyingenzi cyane kugirango byihute ifumbire.Ifumbire idakwiye y'ifumbire mvaruganda, gusa igihe gito cyane cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, cyangwa nta bushyuhe bwo hejuru, bityo rero gukura buhoro cyane, mugice cyumwaka cyangwa igihe kirenze ntabwo ari kimwe cya kabiri cyakuze.

2.3.3 Mugihe cyo gukonja

Nyuma yigihe runaka mugihe cyubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ibyinshi mubintu bya selile, hemicellulose, na pectine byarangiritse, hasigara ibintu bigoye-kubora (urugero lignin) hamwe na humus nshya, ibikorwa bya mikorobe byagabanutse. n'ubushyuhe bwaragabanutse buhoro buhoro.Iyo ubushyuhe bugabanutse munsi ya 40 ° C (hafi dogere 104 Fahrenheit), mikorobe mikorobe iba ubwoko bwiganje

Niba icyiciro cyo gukonjesha kije kare, ifumbire mvaruganda ntabwo ari nziza kandi kubora ibikoresho byibimera ntibihagije.Kuri ubu birashobora guhindura ikirundo, ikirundo kivanze, kuburyo gitanga ubushyuhe bwa kabiri, gushyushya, kugirango biteze ifumbire.

2.3.4 Icyiciro cyo kubungabunga ifumbire

Nyuma yo gufumbira ifumbire, ingano iragabanuka kandi ubushyuhe bwifumbire bugabanuka kugera hejuru gato yubushyuhe bwikirere, noneho ifumbire igomba gukanda cyane, bikavamo leta ya anaerobic bikanagabanya imyunyu ngugu yibintu kama, kugirango ifumbire ikomeze.

Muri make, uburyo bwo gusembura ifumbire mvaruganda ni inzira ya metabolism ya mikorobe no kubyara.Inzira ya mikorobe ya metabolisme ni inzira yo kubora kama.Kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima bitanga ingufu, bigatera ifumbire mvaruganda, bikazamura ubushyuhe, kandi bikuma substrate itose.

 
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