About Hideo Ikeda：
Yavukiye muri Perefegitura ya Fukuoka, mu Buyapani, yavutse mu 1935. Yaje mu Bushinwa mu 1997 yiga ubumenyi bw'Ubushinwa n'ubuhinzi muri kaminuza ya Shandong.Kuva mu 2002, yakoranye n'ishuri ry'ubuhinzi bw'imboga, kaminuza y’ubuhinzi ya Shandong, ishuri ry’ubumenyi bw’ubuhinzi rya Shandong, n’ahandi hantu muri Shouguang na Feicheng.Ibigo by’ibigo n’inzego z’ibanze zibishinzwe bifatanyiriza hamwe kwiga ku bibazo by’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri Shandong kandi bigira uruhare mu gukumira no kurwanya indwara ziterwa n’ubutaka no kuzamura ubutaka, ndetse n’ubushakashatsi bujyanye no guhinga ibyatsi.Mu mujyi wa Shouguang, Umujyi wa Jinan, Umujyi wa Tai'an, Umujyi wa Feicheng, Umujyi wa Qufu, n'ahandi kugira ngo uyobore umusaruro w'ifumbire mvaruganda, kuzamura ubutaka, kurwanya indwara ziterwa n'ubutaka, no guhinga strawberry.Muri Gashyantare 2010, yabonye impamyabumenyi y’impuguke z’amahanga (ubwoko: ubukungu n’ubuhanga) yahawe n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta bw’impuguke z’amahanga z’ububanyi n’amahanga y’Ubushinwa.
1. Intangiriro
Mu myaka yashize, ijambo "Ibiribwa bibisi" ryamamaye vuba, kandi abaguzi bifuza kurya "ibiryo byizewe bishobora kuribwa bafite ikizere" bigenda byiyongera.
Impamvu ubuhinzi-mwimerere butanga ibiribwa bibisi, bwitabiriwe cyane, ni inkomoko yuburyo bwubuhinzi bugize inzira nyamukuru y’ubuhinzi bugezweho, bwatangiye mu gice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 20 hakoreshejwe ifumbire mvaruganda kandi imiti yica udukoko.
Gukwirakwiza ifumbire mvaruganda byateje imbere cyane ifumbire mvaruganda, hakurikiraho kugabanuka k'umusaruro uhingwa.Ibi bigira ingaruka cyane kumiterere numusaruro wibikomoka ku buhinzi.Ibikomoka ku buhinzi bikorerwa ku butaka butarumbuka ku butaka ntabwo ari byiza, bikunze guhura n’ibibazo nkibisigisigi byica udukoko, no gutakaza uburyohe bwibihingwa.Hamwe no kuzamura imibereho yabantu, izi nimpamvu zingenzi zituma abaguzi bakeneye "ibiryo byizewe kandi biryoshye".
Guhinga kama ntabwo ari inganda nshya.Kugeza igihe hashyizweho ifumbire mvaruganda mugice cya kabiri cyikinyejana gishize, bwari uburyo rusange bwo gutanga umusaruro mubuhinzi ahantu hose.By'umwihariko, ifumbire mvaruganda ifite amateka yimyaka 4.000.Muri kiriya gihe, ubuhinzi-mwimerere, bushingiye ku gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, byatumye ubutaka bwiza kandi butanga umusaruro bugumaho.Ariko yangijwe n’imyaka itageze kuri 50 yubuhinzi bugezweho bwiganjemo ifumbire mvaruganda.Ibi byatumye ibintu bikomeye muri iki gihe.
Kugira ngo dutsinde iki kibazo gikomeye, tugomba kwigira ku mateka no guhuza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kugira ngo twubake ubwoko bushya bw’ubuhinzi-mwimerere, bityo dufungure umuhanda w’ubuhinzi urambye kandi uhamye.
2. Ifumbire n'ifumbire
Ifumbire mvaruganda ifite ibiranga ibintu byinshi byifumbire, ifumbire mvaruganda, ningaruka byihuse.Mubyongeyeho, ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe biroroshye gukoresha, kandi harasabwa umubare muto gusa, kandi umutwaro wumurimo nawo ni muto, kubwibyo hari ibyiza byinshi.Ingaruka ziyi fumbire nuko itarimo humus yibintu kama.
Nubwo ifumbire mvaruganda muri rusange ifite ifumbire mvaruganda ningaruka zifumbire yatinze, ibyiza byayo nuko irimo ibintu bitandukanye biteza imbere iterambere ryibinyabuzima, nka hummus, aside amine, vitamine, hamwe nibintu bya mikorobe.Ibi nibintu biranga ubuhinzi-mwimerere.
Ibigize ifumbire mvaruganda ni ibintu biterwa no kubora kw'ibinyabuzima na mikorobe, bitaboneka mu ifumbire mvaruganda.
3. Ibyiza byo gufumbira
Kugeza ubu, hari umubare munini w '“imyanda kama” ituruka mu muryango w’abantu, nk'ibisigazwa, imyanda, n’imyanda yo mu ngo ituruka mu nganda z’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi.Ibi ntabwo bivamo guta umutungo gusa ahubwo bizana ibibazo bikomeye byimibereho.Benshi muribo baratwitswe cyangwa bashyinguwe nkimyanda idafite akamaro.Ibi bintu byaje gutabwa byahindutse impamvu zingenzi zitera ihumana ry’ikirere, ihumana ry’amazi, n’ibindi byago rusange, bitera ingaruka mbi ku baturage.
Gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda yimyanda kama ifite amahirwe yo gukemura byimazeyo ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru.Amateka atubwira ko "ibinyabuzima byose biva ku isi bigaruka ku isi" ni imiterere yizenguruko ijyanye cyane n’amategeko y’ibidukikije, kandi nayo ni ingirakamaro kandi ntacyo itwaye ku bantu.
Gusa iyo "ubutaka, ibimera, inyamaswa, nabantu" bigize urunigi rwiza rwibinyabuzima, ubuzima bwabantu burashobora kwizerwa.Iyo ibidukikije nubuzima bimaze gutera imbere, Inyungu abantu bishimira izagirira akamaro ab'igihe kizaza, kandi imigisha itagira imipaka.
4. Uruhare ningirakamaro byo gufumbira
Ibihingwa byiza bikura ahantu heza.Icy'ingenzi muri byo ni ubutaka.Ifumbire igira ingaruka zikomeye mugutezimbere ubutaka mugihe ifumbire itabikora.
Iyo utezimbere ubutaka kugirango habeho ubutaka buzira umuze, igikenewe cyane gutekereza ni "umubiri", "ibinyabuzima", na "imiti" ibi bintu bitatu.Ibintu byavuzwe muri make kuburyo bukurikira:
Imiterere yumubiri: guhumeka, gutemba, gufata amazi, nibindi.
Ibinyabuzima: kubora ibintu kama mubutaka, kubyara intungamubiri, gukora igiteranyo, kubuza indwara zubutaka, no kuzamura ubwiza bwibihingwa.
Imiti: Ibintu bya shimi nkibigize ubutaka (intungamubiri), agaciro ka pH (acide), na CEC (kugumana intungamubiri).
Iyo utezimbere ubutaka no guteza imbere ishyirwaho ryubutaka bwiza, ni ngombwa gushyira imbere bitatu byavuzwe haruguru.By'umwihariko, gahunda rusange ni uguhindura imiterere yubutaka mbere, hanyuma ugasuzuma imiterere yibinyabuzima n'imiterere ya shimi.
Gutezimbere kumubiri
Humus ikorwa mugikorwa cyo kubora ibintu kama na mikorobe irashobora guteza imbere imiterere yubutaka, kandi mubutaka hari ibinini binini kandi bito.Irashobora kugira ingaruka zikurikira:
Aeration: binyuze mu byobo binini kandi bito, umwuka ukenewe mu mizi y'ibimera no guhumeka mikorobe.
Kuvoma: Amazi yinjira mu butaka byoroshye binyuze mu byobo binini, bikuraho kwangirika kw’ubushuhe bukabije (imizi yaboze, kubura umwuka).Iyo kuhira, ubuso ntibushobora kwegeranya amazi kugirango butere amazi cyangwa igihombo, ibyo bikaba byongera igipimo cyo gukoresha amazi.
Kubika amazi: Ibinogo bito bigira ingaruka zo gufata amazi, bishobora gutanga amazi kumizi igihe kirekire, bityo bigatuma ubutaka bwihanganira amapfa.
(2) Gutezimbere ibinyabuzima
Ubwoko numubare wibinyabuzima byubutaka (micro-organisme ninyamaswa nto, nibindi) bigaburira ibinyabuzima byiyongereye cyane, kandi icyiciro cyibinyabuzima cyabaye kinini kandi gikungahaye.Ibinyabuzima byangirika mu ntungamubiri z’ibihingwa hakoreshejwe ibyo binyabuzima.Byongeye kandi, mugikorwa cya humus ikorwa muriki gikorwa, urugero rwo kwegeranya ubutaka rwiyongera, kandi havuka imyenge myinshi mu butaka.
Kubuza udukoko n'indwara: Nyuma yicyiciro cyibinyabuzima kimaze gutandukana, ikwirakwizwa ry’ibinyabuzima byangiza nka bagiteri zitera indwara birashobora guhagarikwa binyuze mu kurwanya ibinyabuzima.Kubera iyo mpamvu, hagaragaye kandi udukoko twangiza udukoko n'indwara.
Igisekuru cyibintu biteza imbere imikurire: Hakozwe nigikorwa cya mikorobe, haterwa ibintu biteza imbere gukura bifite akamaro mukuzamura ubwiza bwibihingwa, nka aside amine, vitamine, na enzymes.
Guteza imbere guhuza ubutaka: Ibintu bifatanye, imyanda, ibisigara, nibindi byakozwe na mikorobe bihinduka uduce duto twubutaka, butera guhuza ubutaka.
Kwangirika kw'ibintu byangiza: Microorganisme ifite umurimo wo kubora, kweza ibintu byangiza, no kubuza gukura kw'ibintu.
(3) Gutezimbere imiti
Kubera ko ibumba ryibumba rya humus nubutaka nabyo bifite CEC (ubushobozi bwo kwimura ishingiro: kugumana intungamubiri), gukoresha ifumbire irashobora kuzamura uburumbuke bwubutaka kandi bikagira uruhare runini mu ifumbire mvaruganda.
Kunoza imikoreshereze yuburumbuke: CEC yumwimerere yubutaka wongeyeho humus CEC irahagije kugirango igabanye ifumbire mvaruganda.Ibigize ifumbire yagumishijwe irashobora gutangwa buhoro buhoro ukurikije ibikenerwa n’ibihingwa, bityo ifumbire ikiyongera.
Ingaruka ya Buffering: Nubwo ifumbire ikoreshwa cyane kubera ko ifumbire ishobora kubikwa by'agateganyo, ibihingwa ntibizangirika no gutwika ifumbire.
Kuzuza ibintu bya tronc: Usibye N, P, K, Ca, Mg nibindi bintu bikenewe kugirango imikurire y’ibimera, imyanda kama iva mu bimera, nibindi, ikubiyemo kandi ibimenyetso byingirakamaro S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, Mo , nibindi, byagaruwe mubutaka ukoresheje ifumbire.Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe n'akamaro k'ibi, dukeneye gusa kureba ibintu bikurikira: amashyamba karemano akoresha karubone ya fotosintezitike hamwe nintungamubiri n'amazi yatwawe n'imizi kugirango imikurire y'ibimera, kandi ikusanyirize mumababi yaguye n'amashami mu butaka.Humus ikozwe mubutaka ikurura intungamubiri zo kwaguka kwagutse (gukura).
Ingaruka zo kuzuza izuba ridahagije
Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi biheruka kwerekana byerekana ko usibye ingaruka zavuzwe haruguru, ifumbire mvaruganda nayo igira ingaruka zo kwinjiza mu buryo butaziguye amazi ya karubone-hydrata (aside amine, nibindi) biva mu mizi kugirango biteze imbere ibihingwa byiza.Hariho umwanzuro mubitekerezo byabanjirije iki ko imizi yibimera ishobora gukuramo gusa intungamubiri zidafite umubiri nka azote na aside fosifori, ariko ntishobora gukuramo karubone nziza.
Nkuko twese tubizi, ibimera bitanga karubone ikoresheje fotosintezeza, bityo bikabyara umubiri kandi bikabona imbaraga zikenewe kugirango bikure.Kubwibyo, hamwe numucyo muke, fotosintezeza iratinda kandi gukura neza ntibishoboka.Ariko, niba "karubone ishobora gukurwa mu mizi", fotosintezeza nkeya iterwa n’izuba ridahagije irashobora kwishyurwa na karubone ya hydrata yakuwe mu mizi.Iki nikintu kizwi cyane mubakozi bakora mubuhinzi, ni ukuvuga guhinga kama ukoresheje ifumbire mvaruganda ntibiterwa no kubura urumuri rwizuba mugihe cyizuba cyangwa imyaka yibiza byibiza, kandi kuba ubwiza nubwinshi buruta guhinga ifumbire mvaruganda byabaye byemejwe na siyansi.impaka.
5. Gukwirakwiza ibyiciro bitatu byubutaka ninshingano zimizi
Muburyo bwo kunoza ubutaka hamwe nifumbire, igipimo cyingenzi ni "gukwirakwiza ibyiciro bitatu byubutaka", ni ukuvuga igipimo cyibice byubutaka (icyiciro gikomeye), ubuhehere bwubutaka (icyiciro cyamazi), nubutaka bwubutaka (icyiciro cyumwuka) ) mu butaka.Ku bihingwa na mikorobe, gukwirakwiza ibyiciro bitatu bikwiye ni 40% mugice gikomeye, 30% mugice cyamazi, na 30% mugice cyikirere.Icyiciro cyamazi nicyiciro cyumwuka byerekana ibiri mu byobo biri mu butaka, icyiciro cyamazi kigereranya ibiri mu byobo bito bifata amazi ya capillary, naho icyiciro cyumwuka kigereranya umubare wibinini binini byorohereza urujya n'uruza rw'amazi.
Nkuko twese tubizi, imizi yibihingwa byinshi ikunda 30 ~ 35% yikigereranyo cyikirere, bifitanye isano nuruhare rwimizi.Imizi yibihingwa ikura mu gucukura imyenge minini, bityo sisitemu yumuzi ikura neza.Kugira ngo umwuka wa ogisijene uhuze ibikorwa bikomeye byo gukura, hagomba kubaho ibyuho binini bihagije.Iyo imizi yaguye, yegera imyenge yuzuyemo amazi ya capillary, aho amazi yinjizwa nu musatsi ukura imbere yimizi, umusatsi wumuzi urashobora kwinjira icumi ku ijana cyangwa bitatu ku ijana bya milimetero ya pore nto.
Ku rundi ruhande, ifumbire ikoreshwa mu butaka ibikwa by'agateganyo mu bice by'ibumba mu bice by'ubutaka no muri humus y'ubutaka, hanyuma bigahita bishonga mu mazi muri capillaries y'ubutaka, bigahita byinjizwa n'umusatsi wumuzi hamwe n'amazi.Muri iki gihe, intungamubiri zerekeza mu mizi zinyuze mu mazi muri capillary, akaba ari icyiciro cyamazi, kandi ibihingwa byagura imizi bikagera aho intungamubiri zihari.Muri ubu buryo, amazi nintungamubiri byinjizwa neza binyuze mumikoranire yinini yateye imbere neza, imyenge mito, hamwe nimizi ikura numusatsi wumuzi.
Byongeye kandi, karubone ya hydrata ikorwa na fotosintezeza na ogisijeni yakuwe mu mizi y’ibihingwa bizatanga aside mu mizi y’ibihingwa.Isohora rya acide yumuzi ituma imyunyu ngugu idashonga ikikije imizi igashonga kandi igatwarwa, bigahinduka intungamubiri zikenewe mu mikurire.
Niba ufite ibindi bibazo cyangwa ibikenewe, nyamuneka twandikire muburyo bukurikira:
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-19-2022