Nigute ushobora gukoresha ibyatsi mugihe ifumbire mvaruganda?

Ibyatsi ni imyanda isigaye nyuma yo gusarura ingano, umuceri, nibindi bihingwa.Ariko, nkuko twese tubizi, bitewe nibidasanzwe biranga ibyatsi, birashobora kugira uruhare runini mugikorwa cyo gukora ifumbire.

Ihame ryakazi ryo gufumbira ibyatsi ninzira yo gucukura no guhumanya ibintu kama nkibiti by ibihingwa hamwe nuruhererekane rwa mikorobe.Mubyiciro byambere byo gufumbira, inzira yubucukuzi ninzira nyamukuru, naho icyiciro cya nyuma cyiganjemo inzira yo guhanagura.Binyuze mu ifumbire mvaruganda, igipimo cya karubone-azote y’ibintu kama gishobora kugabanuka, intungamubiri ziri mu binyabuzima zishobora kurekurwa, kandi ikwirakwizwa rya mikorobe, amagi y’udukoko, n’imbuto z’ibyatsi mu bikoresho by’ifumbire irashobora kugabanuka.Kubwibyo, inzira yo kubora ifumbire ntabwo ari inzira yo kubora no gusubiramo ibintu kama gusa ahubwo ni inzira yo kuvura nta ngaruka.Umuvuduko nicyerekezo cyibi bikorwa bigira ingaruka ku bigize ifumbire mvaruganda, mikorobe, hamwe n’ibidukikije.Ifumbire mvaruganda ikabije muri rusange inyura mubyiciro byo gushyushya, gukonjesha, no gufumbira.

Ibisabwa kugirango ifumbire mvaruganda igomba kuba yujuje:

Ahanini mubice bitanu: ubushuhe, umwuka, ubushyuhe, igipimo cya karubone-azote, na pH.

• Ubushuhe.Nibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya mikorobe n'umuvuduko w'ifumbire.Ifumbire mvaruganda ibora byoroshye na mikorobe nyuma yo gukuramo amazi, kwaguka, no koroshya.Muri rusange, ubuhehere bugomba kuba 60% -75% yubushobozi ntarengwa bwo gufata amazi yibikoresho.
• Umwuka.Ubwinshi bwumwuka mwifumbire mvaruganda bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya mikorobe no kubora kw'ibinyabuzima.Kubwibyo, kugirango uhindure ikirere, uburyo bwo kubanza kurekura hanyuma gutondekanya neza birashobora gukoreshwa, kandi iminara yumuyaga hamwe nu mwobo wo guhumeka birashobora gushyirwaho ifumbire mvaruganda, kandi ifumbire mvaruganda irashobora gutwikirwa igifuniko.
• Ubushyuhe.Ubwoko butandukanye bwa mikorobe mu ifumbire mvaruganda bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kubushyuhe.Muri rusange, ubushyuhe bukwiye bwa mikorobe ya anaerobic ni 25-35 ° C, kuri mikorobe yo mu kirere, 40-50 ° C, kuri mikorobe mikorobe, ubushyuhe bwiza ni 25-37 ° C, no kuri mikorobe y’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Ubushyuhe bukwiye cyane ni 60-65 ℃, kandi ibikorwa byayo birabujijwe iyo birenze 65 ℃.Ubushyuhe bwikirundo burashobora guhinduka ukurikije ibihe.Iyo ifumbire mvaruganda mu gihe cy'itumba, ongeramo inka, intama, n'ifumbire y'ifarashi kugirango wongere ubushyuhe bw'ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa ushireho ikirundo kugirango ushushe.Iyo ifumbire mvaruganda mu cyi, ubushyuhe bwumuyaga burazamuka vuba, hanyuma bigahindura umuyaga w’ifumbire, n’amazi arashobora kongerwamo kugirango ubushyuhe bwumuyaga bworoherezwe kubungabunga azote.
• Ikigereranyo cya karubone.Ikigereranyo gikwiye cya karubone-azote (C / N) nimwe mubintu byingenzi byihutisha kwangirika kwifumbire, kwirinda kunywa cyane ibintu birimo karubone, no guteza imbere synthesis ya humus.Ifumbire yubushyuhe bwo hejuru ikoresha cyane cyane ibyatsi byibinyampeke nkibikoresho fatizo, kandi igipimo cyacyo cya karubone-azote muri rusange ni 80-100: 1, mugihe igipimo cya karubone-azote gikenewe mubikorwa bya mikorobe ni nka 25: 1, ni ukuvuga. iyo mikorobe ibora ibintu kama, buri gice 1 cya azote, ibice 25 bya karubone bigomba guterwa.Iyo igipimo cya karubone-azote irenze 25: 1, kubera kugabanya ibikorwa bya mikorobe, kubora kw'ibinyabuzima bitinda, kandi azote yangirika ikoreshwa na mikorobe ubwayo, kandi azote nziza ntishobora kurekurwa mu ifumbire. .Iyo igipimo cya karubone-azote kiri munsi ya 25: 1, ibinyabuzima bigwira vuba, ibikoresho birangirika byoroshye, kandi azote nziza irashobora kurekurwa, ibyo bikaba bifasha no gushinga humus.Kubwibyo, igipimo cya karubone-azote yicyatsi kibisi ni kinini, kandi igipimo cya karubone-azote kigomba guhinduka kugeza 30-50: 1 mugihe ifumbire.Muri rusange, ifumbire y'abantu ihwanye na 20% by'ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa 1% -2% by'ifumbire ya azote yongerwaho kugira ngo ibinyabuzima bikenerwa na azote kandi byihute kwangirika kw'ifumbire.
• Acide na alkaline (pH).Microorganismes irashobora gukora gusa murwego runaka rwa acide na alkali.Ibinyabuzima byinshi mu ifumbire mvaruganda bisaba kutagira aho bibogamiye kuri aside-alkaline nkeya (pH 6.4-8.1), kandi pH nziza ni 7.5.Acide zitandukanye zama organique akenshi zikorwa mugikorwa cyo gufumbira, gukora aside irike kandi bigira ingaruka kumyororokere ya mikorobe.Kubwibyo, umubare ukwiye (2% -3% bya strawweight) ya lime cyangwa ivu ryibimera bigomba kongerwamo mugihe cyo gufumbira kugirango uhindure pH.Gukoresha urugero runaka rwa superphosifate birashobora guteza imbere ifumbire ikuze.

Ingingo z'ingenzi z'ibyatsi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru ifumbire mvaruganda:

1. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gufumbira:

• Hitamo ahantu.Hitamo ahantu hegereye isoko y'amazi kandi byoroshye gutwara.Ingano y'ifumbire iterwa nurubuga n'ibikoresho.Ubutaka bwarakubiswe, hanyuma hashyirwaho igice cyubutaka bwiza bwumye bushyirwa hasi, hanyuma igiti cyibihingwa bitaribwa gishyirwa hejuru nkigitanda cyuka (hafi cm 26 z'ubugari).
• Gukoresha ibyatsi.Ibyatsi nibindi bikoresho kama bishyizwe muburiri mubice, buri gice gifite uburebure bwa cm 20, kandi umwanda wabantu ninkari bisukwa kumurongo (bitarenze hepfo nibindi hejuru)., kugirango epfo ihure nubutaka, kura inkoni yimbaho ​​nyuma yo guteranya, naho ibyobo bisigaye bikoreshwa nkibyobo bihumeka.
• Ikigereranyo cy'ifumbire mvaruganda.Ikigereranyo cy’ibyatsi, ifumbire y’abantu n’inyamaswa, nubutaka bwiza ni 3: 2: 5, na 2-5% ifumbire ya calcium-magnesium-fosifate yongewemo kugirango ivange ifumbire iyo hiyongereyeho ibintu, bishobora kugabanya itunganywa rya fosifore kandi bigatera imbere ifumbire mvaruganda ya calcium-magnesium-fosifate ifumbire ku buryo bugaragara.
• Igenga ubushuhe.Mubisanzwe, nibyiza gufata ibikoresho mukiganza niba hari ibitonyanga.Gucukura umwobo ugera kuri cm 30 z'uburebure na cm 30 z'ubugari uzengurutse ifumbire, hanyuma uhinge ubutaka hirya no hino kugirango wirinde gutakaza ifumbire.
• Ikidodo c'ibyondo.Funga ikirundo hamwe nicyondo kuri cm 3.Iyo umubiri wikirundo ugenda urohama buhoro buhoro kandi ubushyuhe mukirundo bugabanuka gahoro gahoro, hindura ikirundo, vanga ibikoresho bitangirika neza kumpera hamwe nibikoresho byimbere, hanyuma ubirundarunda.Niba ibikoresho bigaragaye ko bifite bacteri zera Iyo umubiri wa silike ugaragaye, ongeramo amazi akwiye, hanyuma wongere uyifungishe icyondo.Iyo icitse kabiri, kanda cyane hanyuma ushireho ikimenyetso kugirango ukoreshwe nyuma.
• Ikimenyetso cy'ifumbire ibora.Iyo iboze rwose, ibara ryibyatsi byibihingwa byijimye kandi byijimye, ibyatsi biroroshye cyane cyangwa bivanze mumupira, kandi ibisigazwa byibimera ntibigaragara.Fata ifumbire y'intoki kugirango ukuremo umutobe, utagira ibara kandi udafite impumuro nyuma yo kuyungurura.

2. Uburyo bwifumbire bwihuse:

• Hitamo ahantu.Hitamo ahantu hegereye isoko y'amazi kandi byoroshye gutwara.Ingano y'ifumbire iterwa nurubuga n'ibikoresho.Niba uhisemo ubutaka buringaniye, ugomba kubaka santimetero 30 z'ubutaka hejuru kugirango wirinde amazi atemba.
• Gukoresha ibyatsi.Mubisanzwe bigabanijwemo ibice bitatu, ubunini bwurwego rwa mbere nuwa kabiri ni cm 60, ubugari bwurwego rwa gatatu ni cm 40, kandi imvange yumuti wangirika wibyatsi hamwe na urea bisukwa neza hagati yabyo no kumurongo wa gatatu, ibyatsi kubora agent na urea Igipimo cyimvange ni 4: 4: 2 kuva hasi kugeza hejuru.Ubugari bwa stacking muri rusange busabwa kuba metero 1,6-2, uburebure bwa stacking ni metero 1.0-1,6, kandi uburebure buterwa nubunini bwibikoresho nubunini bwurubuga.Nyuma yo gutondekanya, bifunze icyondo (cyangwa firime).Iminsi 20-25 irashobora kubora no gukoreshwa, ubwiza nibyiza, kandi intungamubiri nziza ni nyinshi.
• Ikigereranyo.Ukurikije toni 1 yibyatsi, kg 1 yumuti wangirika (nka “301 ″ imiti ya bagiteri, umwuka wibyatsi ubora, imiti yeze imiti, imiti ya bagiteri“ HEM ”, bagiteri ya enzyme, nibindi), hanyuma ibiro 5 bya urea ( cyangwa 200- 300 kg yumwanda wumuntu ninkari byangiritse) kugirango uhuze azote ikenerwa muguhindura mikorobe, kandi uhindure igipimo cya karubone-azote.
• Tunganya ubushuhe.Mbere yo gufumbira, shyira ibyatsi n'amazi.Ikigereranyo cyibyatsi byumye namazi muri rusange ni 1: 1.8 kuburyo ubuhehere bwibyatsi bushobora kugera kuri 60% -70%.Urufunguzo rwo gutsinda cyangwa gutsindwa.